Sitronics

2.5G Network

Bridging the gap between 2G and 3G cellular service, 2.5G extends CDMA and GSM technologies with faster Web access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and a change in radio architecture to handle more bandwidth. 2.5G and 2G phones and networks are interoperable for basic calling and SMS capability.

2G (Second Generation) Network

Second-generation digital cellular service is the most widely used worldwide. It offers digital voice calling, limited Web-access capability, and Short Message Service (SMS). 2G technologies can be divided into CDMA-based and TDMA-based standards. 2G introduced data services for cell, starting with SMS text messages.

3G (Third Generation) Network

Third-generation cellular communications technology, as defined by the ITU, provides a global standard for cellular networks capable of handling live video calls and data access at broadband speeds. There are several types of 3G, including EDGE, CDMA 2000, and WCDMA/UMTS. The emerging global 3G standard is WCDMA/UMTS.

3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project)

A collaboration agreement that was established in December 1998 by a number of telecommunications standards bodies. The objective of 3GPP is to make a globally applicable third generation cellular phone system specification.

ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit)

An integrated circuit customized for a particular use, rather than intended for general-purpose use.

ATM (Automated Teller Machine) card

A plastic card enabling the holder to access an automated teller machine to obtain cash and statements.

Backhauling

Backhauling is the connection of remote nodes to the network core. In the case of cellular networks, this means the connection of the remote base stations to the base station controller, and from there to the core network.

Broadband Access

A term used to describe data transmission rate of 256 kilobits per second or higher.

BSS (Business Support System)

Typically refers to the part of support systems dealing with customers’ supporting processes such as taking orders, processing bills, and collecting payments. Together with OSS it is often abbreviated BSS/OSS or simply B/OSS.

BWA (Broadband Wireless Access)

A technology aimed at providing high-speed wireless access over a wide area from devices such as personal computers to data networks.

CAD (Computer Aided Design)

A designation of software tools used in the design of integrated circuits.

CAN (Controller Area Network, CAN-bus)

A vehicle bus standard designed to allow microcontrollers and devices to communicate with each other within a vehicle without a host computer. CAN is a message based protocol, designed specifically for automotive applications but now also used in other areas such as industrial automation, smart houses, medical equipment etc.

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

A digital cellular technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike competing systems, such as GSM, CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are encoded with a pseudo-random digital sequence.

CDN (Content Delivery Network)

A system of computers networked together across the Internet that cooperates transparently to deliver content, especially large media content, to end users.

CKD (Complete-Knock Down)

A complete kit needed to assemble a particular product. It is a common practice among car manufacturers to sell knocked down kits to their foreign affiliates in order to avoid high import taxes and/or receive tax preferences for providing local employment. A similar approach is often used in consumer electronics goods.

Clean room

An area within a semiconductor fabrication facility in which the wafer fabrication takes place. The classification of a clean room relates to the maximum number of particles of contaminants per cubic foot within that room. For example, a class 100 clean room contains fewer than 100 particles of contaminants per cubic foot.

CMMI (Capability Maturity Model Integration)

A collection of instructions that an organization can follow with the purpose of controlling its software development process. The CMMI ranks software development organizations according to a hierarchy of five process maturity levels. Each level ranks the development environment according to its capability of producing quality software. A set of standards is associated with each of the five levels.

CPM (Corporate Performance Management, BPM)

A set of management and analytical processes that enable the performance of an organization to be managed with a view to achieving one or more pre-selected goals. Synonyms for "business performance management" include "corporate performance management" and "enterprise performance management". This class of information systems provides consolidated financial and non-financial reporting, as well as the tasks of planning and budgeting of the organization. The basic and necessary component of such systems is the presence of non-relational OLAP-data repository, whose source is different enterprise information systems.

CRM (Customer Relationship Management)

A set of processes and supporting software that allows an organization to collect and leverage information on customer interactions with sales, marketing, and customer service departments.

CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)

A cathode ray tube refers to any electronic vacuum tube employing a focused beam of electrons. Certain types of cathode ray tubes are used as displays for television, radar and oscilloscopes.

CTI (Computer Telephony Integration)

The name given to the merger of traditional telecommunications equipment with computers and computer applications. The use of caller identification to retrieve customer information automatically from a database is an example of a CTI application.

DMA (Direct Memory Access)

Transfer of data from a peripheral device, such as a hard disk drive, into memory without that data passing through the microprocessor. DMA transfers data into memory at high speeds with no processor overhead.

DMOS (Double-Diffused Metal-Oxide Semiconductor)

A specific type of transistor designed to handle high powers. Compared to the other power 230 semiconductor devices, its main advantages are high commutation speed and good efficiency at low voltages.

DMS (Defense Message System)

. All hardware, software, procedures, standards, facilities, and personnel used to exchange messages electronically between organizations and individuals in the U.S. Department of Defense.

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

Public network technology that delivers high bandwidth over conventional copper wiring at limited distances.

DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer)

A device that connects many digital subscriber lines to a network by multiplexing the DSL traffic onto one or more network trunk lines.

DSTK (Dynamic SIM Tool Kit)

This toolkit provides mechanisms that allow applications, existing in a SIM card, to interact and operate with any mobile equipment that supports the specific mechanisms required by the application. In other words, the toolkit extends the communication protocol between the SIM card and the cell telephone. With this toolkit, the SIM card has a proactive role in the cell telephone by initiating commands independently of the cell telephone and network.

DVB-T (Digital Video Broadcasting-Terrestrial)

The broadcasting of digital TV over the traditional terrestrial TV broadcasting network. It is a European standard using MPEG-2 for video compression and MPEG-2 and Dolby Digital for audio and is transmitted in a 6 to 8MHz channel of the traditional terrestrial broadcasting network.

DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division

Multiplexing)

An optical transmission of multiple signals over closely spaced wavelengths in the 1550 nanometer band.

EEPROM (Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

Nonvolatile memory chips that are programmed after they are manufactured and, if necessary, can be erased by some means and reprogrammed.

EDMS (Electronic Document Management System)

The system providing automation of the processes of creation, approval, storage of all documents of an organization. The Standard EDMS system contains several modules that allow implementation of both organizational and administrative paperwork and other tasks, including intercompany cooperation and support of a unified database to store data from various modules.

EGNOS (European Geostationary
Navigation Overlay Service)

A satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) under development by the European Space Agency, the European Commission and EUROCONTROL. It is intended to supplement the GPS, GLONASS and Galileo systems by reporting on the reliability and accuracy of the signals. It is similar to the American WAAS system.

EMS (Electronics Manufacturing Services) Company

A company that provides design, testing, manufacturing, distribution and return/repair services for electronic components and assemblies for original equipment manufacturers.

EMV (Europay, MasterCard, Visa)

A standard for interoperation of IC cards and IC-capable point of sale terminals, for authenticating credit and debit card payments.

e-Passport

A combined paper and electronic identity document that uses biometrics to authenticate the citizenship of travelers. The passport’s critical information is stored on a computer chip, much like information stored on smart cards. See also "Smart Card".

ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)

A system that integrates all data and processes of an organization operational management into a single unified system. A typical ERP system will use multiple components of computer software and hardware to achieve the integration. A key part of most ERP systems is the single, unified database to store data for the various system modules.

Femtocell

Small cellular network base station having a small radius of radio coverage (about 15 m), combining the functionality of the base station and controller and supporting binding to a network of mobile carrier for IP-based networks, including the Internet

Fixed-Line Equipment

Equipment designed specifically to serve the needs of telecommunications operators of wired (land) lines with fixed (as opposed to mobile) end-user location.

FMS (Fraud Management Systems)

A system designed to detect, manage and assist in the investigation of fraudulent events in a telecommunication operator’s network. These systems are typically considered to be part of Revenue Assurance systems. FMS identify abnormalities in data traffic patterns and report suspicious activity that suggests fraudulent or irregular activity.

Galileo

A global navigation satellite system (GNSS) currently being built by the European Union (EU) and European Space Agency (ESA).

GLONASS

GLObal NAvigation Satellite System is a Russian radio-based satellite navigation system. It is an alternative and complementary to the United States' Global Positioning System (GPS), the Chinese Compass navigation system, and the planned Galileo positioning system of the European Union (EU).

GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Center)

A Gateway Mobile Services Switching Center is a node used to interconnect two networks. The GMSC relieves the transit traffic load from the MSC thereby lowering interconnection costs between MSCs with the overall benefit of generally optimizing network structure.

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

An integrated electronic-technical system, consisting of a combination of ground and space hardware is used to determine the location (latitude and altitude), as well as movement parameters (speed and direction of motion, etc.) for various objects.

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

A digital mobile telecommunications system standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute, an independent standardization organization of the telecommunications industry, based on digital transmission and cellular network architecture with roaming in use throughout Europe and in various other countries in the 900 MHz (GSM 900) and 1800 MHz (GSM 1800) frequency bands.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellites providing Time And Range) – American satellite navigation system used to determine the location (latitude and altitude), as well as movement parameters (speed and direction of motion, etc.) for various objects.

High Frequency Transistor

A transistor that operates on high (between 30 to 300 MHz) radio frequencies.

HLR (Home Location Register)

A database that contains information about subscribers to a cellular network. The HLR registers subscribers for a particular service provider. The HLR stores ‘‘permanent’’ subscriber information (rather than temporary subscriber data), including the service profile, the location information, and the activity status of the cellular user.

IAS-W (the name of Intracom Telecom product).

A digital wireless access system based on point-to-multipoint technology offering a wireless backbone with wireline or wireless last mile access. The system is designed for areas where access is primarily wireless, as prescribed by the geographical morphology and residential spread. The utilization of the system, offers a microwave primary network, while the last-mile subscriber connections are implemented either via copper cable or are completely wireless.

IBAS (the name of Intracom Telecom product)

Multiservice Access Node, Wireline Access-NGN-Broadband infastructure-FTTC/N, enabling service from everywhere, Open solutions in accordance with the NGN concept, integrated NG Pair Gain Functionality. Provides legacy services (POTS/ISDN, Leased-line, and Pair-Gain) as well as Triple Play, multiple Broadband (high speed Internet, IP TV, gaming)

IC (Integrated Circuit)

A miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) which has been manufactured on the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.

IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)

A next-generation network for carriers developed by 3GPP that uses the IP protocol as its foundation and supports data, video, SIP-based voice over IP as well as packet-switched and circuit-switched phone systems.

IN (Intelligent Network)

IN is a network architecture intended both for fixed as well as cellular telecom networks. It allows operators to differentiate themselves by providing value-added services in addition to the standard telecom services such as PSTN, ISDN and GSM services on cellular phones.

IP (Internet Protocol)

Protocol used on the Internet for communication among multiple networks.

IPTV

A technology that allows video transmission in IP packets and uses streaming video techniques to deliver scheduled TV programs or video-on-demand.

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

Communication protocol offered by telephone companies that permits telephone networks to carry data, voice, and other source traffic.

ISO (International Organization for

Standardization)

An international standard-setting body composed of representatives from national standards bodies. Founded on February 23, 1947, the organization produces world-wide industrial and commercial standards, the so-called ISO standards.

IT (Information Technologies)

Telecommunications, computing and media technologies.

IVR (Interactive Voice Response)

Systems that provide information in the form of recorded messages over telephone lines in response to user input in the form of spoken words. Examples include banks that allow checking balances from any telephone and automated stock quote systems.

LAN (Local Area Network)

A short distance data transmission network designed to interconnect personal computers, workstations, minicomputers, file servers and other computing devices within a localized environment, for the purpose of sharing files, programs and various devices such as printers and high-speed modems. LANs may have a decentralized communications management, or include dedicated computers or file servers that provide a centralized source of shared files and programs.

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

A thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector. See also "TFT".

Microwave Frequency Transistors

A transistor that operates on microwave or super high (between 3 to 30 GHz) frequencies.

MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)

An enhanced transmission service that enables graphics, video clips and sound files to be transmitted via cell phones. Developed as part of the 3GPP project, MMS phones are generally backward compatible with short messaging service (SMS) systems.

MPLS (Multiple Protocol Labeling System)

Switching method that forwards IP traffic using a label. This label instructs the routers and the switches in the network where to forward the packets based on pre-established IP routing information.

MSAN (Multi-Service Access Nodes)

Multi-Service Access Nodes are platforms that allow a core network to interoperate with all the different access technologies (POTS, ISDN, ADSL, etc.).

MSC (Mobile Switching Center)

The primary service delivery node for GSM, responsible for handling voice calls and SMS as well as other services (such as conference calls, FAX and circuit-switched data). The MSC sets up and releases the end-to-end connection, handles mobility and hand-over requirements during the call and takes care of charging and real time pre-paid account monitoring.

Multiplexing

A technique used to send multiple signals over the same channel simultaneously.

NGN (Next Generation Networks)

A broad term to describe some key architectural evolutions in telecommunication core and access networks.The general idea behind NGN is that one network transports all information and services (voice, data, and all sorts of media such as video) by encapsulating these into packets, like it is on the Internet. NGNs are commonly built around the Internet Protocol, and therefore the term "all-IP" is also sometimes used

to describe transformation towards NGN.

NTMS (Network Terminals Management System)

An application that provides operators with remote access to network terminating units.

OSS (Operation Support System)

Computer systems used by telecommunications service providers, dealing with the telecom network itself, supporting processes such as maintaining network inventory, services provisioning, configuring network components, and managing faults. The complementary term - Business Support Systems or BSS. The two systems together are often abbreviated BSS/OSS or simply B/OSS.

OTA (Over-the-Air) Platform

OTA platform manages a SIM card remotely (Over-the-Air) and changes its content after the card has been issued. This platform allows the subscriber to manage mobile content such as stock 234 quotes and weather forecasts through their cell phones or through the Internet.

Packaged Integrated Circuit

A chip die wired and assembled into the package ready for use (mounting on the printed circuit board). There are hundreds of types of packages with several components, number of pins, geometry, etc.

PBX (Private Branch Exchange)

Digital or analog telephone switchboard located on the subscriber premises and used to connect private and public telephone networks. PBXs make connections among the internal telephones of a private organization — usually a business — and also connect them to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) via trunk lines.

PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

A technology used in telecommunications networks to transport large quantities of data over digital transport equipment such as fiber optic and microwave radio systems. The term plesiochronous is derived from Greek plesio, meaning near, and chronos, time, and refers to the fact that PDH networks run in a state where different parts of the network are nearly, but not quite perfectly, synchronized.

PLD (Programmable Logic Device)

Electronic component used to create digital integrated circuits. Unlike conventional digital circuits, the logic of the FPGA is not defined by manufacturing but is set by programming.

PND (Personal Navigation Device)

Personal Navigation Device - a small device allows the user to determine the geographical coordinates of the current location using satellite navigation systems, as well as to perform other navigational functions.

PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)

General term referring to the variety of telephone networks and services in place worldwide.

RA (Revenue Assurance)

A practice to ensure a telecommunication operator’s systems and processes maximize revenue, principally by preventing or minimizing the loss of revenues due to unbilled or underbilled services, late bill collection or fraudulent use of services.

Radio Access

Connection to a telecommunications network using radio signals.

RBT (Ring Back Tone)

A distinct ring tone received by the calling party during call setup, this may be personalized by the receiving party to transmit tone, music, messages or advertisements.

RFID (Radio Frequency Identification)

A data collection technology that uses electronic tags for storing data. The tag is made up of an RFID chip attached to an antenna.

A semiconductor diode with a low forward voltage drop and a very fast switching action.

European standard that defines a set of rate and format standards that are transmitted using optical signals over fiber-optic media. Synchronous networking differs from PDH in that the exact rates that are used to transport the data are tightly synchronized across the entire network, using atomic clocks. This synchronization system allows entire inter-country networks to operate synchronously, greatly reducing the amount of buffering

required between elements in the network.

SDP (Session Description Protocol)

A protocol intended for describing multimedia sessions for the purposes of session announcement, session invitation, and other forms of multimedia session initiation.

An electronic card inserted into a mobile handset that identifies the subscriber to the network. The SIM card contains the personal identification number of the subscriber and identifies the subscriber’s network.

A signaling protocol, widely used for setting up and tearing down multimedia communication sessions such as voice and video calls over Internet Protocol (IP). Other feasible application examples include video conferencing, streaming multimedia distribution, instant messaging, presence information and online games. The protocol can be used for creating, modifying and terminating two-party (unicast) or multiparty (multicast) sessions consisting of one or several media streams. The modification can involve changing addresses or ports, inviting more participants, adding or deleting media streams, etc.

An incomplete kit needed to assemble a particular product. See also "CKD".

A pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits. There are usually two types of smart cards: memory card and microprocessor card. Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Microprocessor cards contain memory and microprocessor components.

A text message service that enables short messages of generally no more than 140-160 characters in length to be sent and transmitted from a cell phone. SMS messages travel to the cell phone over the system’s control channel, which is separate from the voice channel.

A network element in the mobile telephone network which delivers SMS messages. Short messages are stored and forwarded at SMS centers, which allows messages to be retrieved later if the subscriber is not immediately available to receive them. See also SMS.

A set of processes and supporting software that allows organizations to collect and use to their advantage information on relationships with suppliers, to meet the challenges of analyzing the reliability of suppliers. The software for electronic trading platforms is also a part of this class of systems.

An electronic circuit that performs the function of a device and is placed on one integrated circuit.

A technology that allows multiple digital signals (or analog signals carrying digital data) to be carried on a single transmission path by interleaving portions of each signal in time. Interleaving can be done at bits or blocks of bytes. This enables digitally encoded speech signals to be transmitted and switched optimally within a circuit-switched network.

TETRA is a radio-based telecommunications standard targeted primarily at the mobile radio needs of public safety groups (such as police and fire departments), utility companies, etc. for voice and data communications services.

A special kind of field effect transistor made by depositing thin films for the metallic contacts, semiconductor active layer, and dielectric layer. The best known application of thin-film transistors is in TFT LCDs, a variant of LCD technology. Transistors are embedded within the panel itself, reducing crosstalk between pixels and improving image stability.

A marketing term for the provisioning of the three services: high-speed Internet, television and telephone service over a single broadband connection.

A 3G mobile wireless telecommunications system whose standards are being developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).

USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Services Data)

A messaging function in GSM-based cell phones. Unlike regular text messages, USSD messages travel over GSM signaling channels and are used to query information and trigger services. Response times for interactive USSD-based services are generally quicker than those used for SMS.

Value-added services have come to mean additional services provided by the telecommunication network operators above and beyond voice services.

Verilog, Verilog HDL

Hardware description language used for describing and modeling of electronic systems. This language allows designing, verification and implementation (for example, as VLSI) of analog, digital and mixed electronic systems at different levels of abstraction.

A general term for a family of transmission technologies for delivery of voice communications over IP networks such as the Internet or other packet-switched networks.

The global American system of differential corrections. It is designed in the USA to improve positioning accuracy and reliability of GPS navigation data. International Civil Aviation Organization refers to such systems as Satellite Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS).

A computer network covering a broad geographical area.

A protocol for wireless communications that makes it possible to create advanced telecommunications services and to access Internet pages from a cell phone.

A technology for wideband digital radio communications of Internet, multimedia, video and other capacity-demanding applications in 3G mobile telecommunications networks.

A Multiservice PmP platform that perfectly fits both for backhauling and Corporate Access applications. Wireless system based on Point to Multipoint architecture / topology used to support either Access network (data & voice services ) or Transmission networks (backhauling services).

A telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to- multipoint links to portable and fully mobile Internet access. In addition, Mobile WiMAX offers a voice and higher-speed data alternative to the cellular networks.

A technology aimed at providing high-speed wireless access over a wide area from devices such as personal computers to data networks.

A technology aimed at transmission of data and voice over wired lines.

A family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network (ADSL, HDSL, SDSL and VDSL). DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop, but as of 2009^[update] the term digital subscriber line has been widely adoptedas a more marketing-friendly term for ADSL. The download speed of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 kilobits per second (kbit/s) to 24,000 kbit/s, depending on DSL technology, line conditions and service-level implementation.